Epiretinal Membrane Surgery

An epiretinal membrane (ERM), also known as a macular pucker or cellophane maculopathy, is a thin layer of scar tissue that forms on the surface of the macula — the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. As it contracts, it can distort the underlying retina and cause visual symptoms.

Most epiretinal membranes develop without a clear underlying cause (idiopathic) and are more common with age. They can also occur following retinal tears or detachment, inflammation, trauma, or previous eye surgery. In many cases, a posterior vitreous detachment triggers the process.

No. Many epiretinal membranes are mild and cause minimal symptoms, requiring only monitoring. Surgery is recommended when vision is significantly affected or when symptoms are having a meaningful impact on daily activities. Mild, non-progressive membranes may simply be monitored; surgery is reserved for visually significant cases.

The procedure is a vitrectomy performed through very small incisions in the eye. The vitreous gel is removed, and the membrane is carefully peeled away from the macula using fine forceps under high magnification. A special dye highlights the membrane and ILM. Modern micro-incision techniques result in fast healing and minimal discomfort.

Most patients experience meaningful improvement in vision following surgery. Improvement is gradual — typically over 3–6 months — as the macula slowly flattens and recovers. While distortion and blur often improve significantly, full restoration of vision cannot be guaranteed. The earlier surgery is performed, the better the outcomes tend to be.